Lantibiotics As Alternative Therapeutics

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• Author : Sanket Joshi,Rajiv K. Kar,Dibyajit Lahiri,Moupriya Nag
• Publisher : Elsevier
• Release Date : 2023-03-01
• Total pages : 524
• ISBN : 9780323991421
• File Size : 9,8 Mb
• Total Download : 350
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Download Lantibiotics as Alternative Therapeutics in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Lantibiotics as Alternative Therapeutics explores alternative therapeutics, lantibiotics and other novel drugs. This book provides concrete information to readers regarding lantibiotics and various types of antimicrobial peptides with their mode of actions in treating various multidrug resistant organisms. It explains various techniques that are involved in analyzing antimicrobial peptides and their mode of actions. The development of antibiotic resistance has now reached a point of crisis where innovative methods and application of novel compounds and methods are required to prevent the spread of drug resistant infections. Novel compounds exhibit different modes of action to the currently used mechanism of therapeutics in order to combat against the resistant organisms. Lantibiotics hold considerable potential as a consequence of their unusual structure, unique mechanisms of action and their potency against multi-drug resistant bacteria. This book will be useful for pharmaceutical industry scientists and researchers in microbial and biomedical research as well as graduate and advanced students in microbiology, medical biotechnology, health, and pharmaceutical sciences. Includes the biology, molecular interaction with target molecule, putative genes and analytical techniques to isolate and identify compounds Incorporates relevant case studies to increase understanding Focuses on recent trends on novel antimicrobial agents and antibiotic resistance research Discusses new arena of diseases, apart from acute and chronic infections

• Author : Rebecca Thombre,Kamlesh Jangid,Ravi Shukla,Noton Kumar Dutta
• Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
• Release Date : 2019-12-19
• Total pages : 305
• ISBN : 9782889632169
• File Size : 54,7 Mb
• Total Download : 463
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Download Alternative Therapeutics Against Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

PDF book entitled Alternative Therapeutics Against Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens written by Rebecca Thombre,Kamlesh Jangid,Ravi Shukla,Noton Kumar Dutta and published by Frontiers Media SA which was released on 2019-12-19 with total hardcover pages 305, the book become popular and critical acclaim.

• Author : Sanna Sillankorva,Maria Olívia Pereira,Mariana Henriques
• Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
• Release Date : 2019-03-20
• Total pages : 222
• ISBN : 9782889457892
• File Size : 49,9 Mb
• Total Download : 801
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Download Antibiotic Alternatives and Combinational Therapies for Bacterial Infections in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

The thoughtless person playing with penicillin treatment is morally responsible for the death of the man who succumbs to infection with the penicillin-resistant organism.” As Alexander Fleming predicted already in 1945 bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics. From time to time we are bombarded with news of infections and deaths caused by antibiotic resistant and multiple drug resistant superbugs. This increase of resistance towards commonly used antibiotics due to decades of use, misuse and abuse of antibiotics, is today a global health concern. Research investments on development of new antimicrobials that can fight antimicrobial resistant microorganisms are scarce yet some new antibiotic discoveries have been described recently. Nevertheless, the advent of antibiotic failure due to bacterial resistance has brought interest in other alternative therapies. Natural products from microbial origin are examples of such alternative therapies. Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses and consequently bacterial natural enemies and together with their derived enzymes are efficient towards antibiotic resistant bacteria. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP), natural compounds with alternative mechanisms of action, are short-length peptides present in a variety of sources and in many forms. AMP have been recognized as promising candidates for replacing classical antimicrobials due to their multiple mechanisms of action and general low specificity in terms of molecular targets, which reduces the chance of acquired resistance. Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) are destabilisers of key communication mechanisms that regulate virulence and the establishment of biofilm-related infections.

• Author : Fouad Sabry
• Publisher : One Billion Knowledgeable
• Release Date : 2022-10-05
• Total pages : 328
• ISBN : PKEY:6610000394050
• File Size : 9,8 Mb
• Total Download : 953
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Download Phage Therapy in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

What Is Phage Therapy The therapeutic use of bacteriophages, also known as phage therapy, viral phage therapy, or phagotherapy, may be defined as the treatment of infectious diseases caused by harmful bacteria. This treatment technique arose at the beginning of the 20th century, but following the second world war, it was gradually supplanted by the use of antibiotics in most areas of the globe. Bacteriophages are a kind of virus that attach itself to bacterial cells and then inject their genome into the bacterial cell. Bacteriophages are also known as phages. The bacterial genome is successfully replaced by the genome of the virus, which results in the cessation of the bacterial infection. Because it is unable to replicate, the bacterial cell that is responsible for the infection instead creates extra phages. Phages are only effective against extremely specific bacterial species due to their high level of specificity. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Phage therapy Chapter 2: Antibiotic Chapter 3: Antimicrobial resistance Chapter 4: Bacteriophage Chapter 5: Colistin Chapter 6: Multiple drug resistance Chapter 7: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chapter 8: Carbapenem Chapter 9: Polypeptide antibiotic Chapter 10: Steffanie A. Strathdee Chapter 11: Enzybiotics Chapter 12: Ceftolozane/tazobactam Chapter 13: Phagoburn Chapter 14: ESKAPE Chapter 15: Cefiderocol Chapter 16: Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics Chapter 17: Locus Biosciences Chapter 18: Benjamin Chan Chapter 19: Robert T. Schooley Chapter 20: Martha Clokie Chapter 21: Multidrug-resistant bacteria (II) Answering the public top questions about phage therapy. (III) Real world examples for the usage of phage therapy in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of phage therapy' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of phage therapy.

• Author : Martin Scott
• Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
• Release Date : 2021-01-02
• Total pages : 164
• ISBN : 9783752641035
• File Size : 54,9 Mb
• Total Download : 596
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Download Last Chance Viral Phage Therapy in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Last Chance Viral Phage Therapy The Natural Alternative to Antibiotics Antibiotics: The best option for you. Right? Not necessarily... there may be an alternative: Phage Therapy! Phage Therapy: The use of bacteriophages, the most abundant organisms on earth, used to attack and kill host cells in bacterial viruses. Although not recognized as a medicinal product, and not covered by public health insurance in most countries, phage therapy is something to be explored. Research suggests that phage therapy can even be used in conjunction with antibiotics in cases where there is antibiotic resistance. With information on the advantages that phage therapy has over conventional antibiotic therapy, the pros and cons of its use and further information on antibiotic resistance 'Last Chance Viral Phage Therapy' will give you all the information you need to know and more.

• Author : Tavan Janvilisri,Joseph A. Sorg,Joy Scaria,Michael J. Sadowsky
• Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
• Release Date : 2019-09-20
• Total pages : 131
• ISBN : 9782889630240
• File Size : 49,7 Mb
• Total Download : 142
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Download Alternative Therapeutic Approaches for Multidrug Resistant Clostridium difficile in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is among the leading causes of infectious diarrhea among patients in hospitals. Multidrug resistance in C. difficile continues to plague antimicrobial chemotherapy of CDI, posing a major cause of concerns within healthcare and hospital environments. Hence, there is an urgent need for alternative therapeutic approaches for multidrug resistant C. difficile.

• Author : Tilak Saha,Manab Deb Adhikari,Bipransh Kumar Tiwary
• Publisher : Springer Nature
• Release Date : 2022-08-08
• Total pages : 574
• ISBN : 9789811918544
• File Size : 35,7 Mb
• Total Download : 304
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Download Alternatives to Antibiotics in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

This book discusses prospective alternative approaches to fight bacterial infections to minimize the indiscriminate use of conventional antibiotics. It offers the current knowledge on research and development of alternative antibacterial agents such as probiotics, nanobiotics etc. while it also discusses newly emerging trends such as phage therapy, antibody therapy etc. The book highlights on the phytochemicals with potent antibacterial activities as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Chemical modification to develop next generation antibiotics with enhanced efficacy has also been included. Such modifications are reported to overcome the inherent resistance of the parent antibiotics. Phage therapy and targeted antibodies are considered as potential alternative approaches to treat bacterial ailments and represent areas of cutting-edge research and have therefore been discussed with sufficient care. Mainly, the book highlights various approaches other than conventional antibiotics in treating bacterial infections. The scientific advancements in these areas will strengthen the ‘One Health’ approach benefiting human beings, animals and environment as well. This book is a comprehensive resource to cater researchers, biological scientists, herbalists and clinical practitioners with up-to-date information on antibacterials other than antibiotics.

• Author : Angel León-Buitimea,Jose Ruben Morones-Ramirez,Jason H. Yang,Rafael Peña-Miller
• Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
• Release Date : 2021-04-01
• Total pages : 136
• ISBN : 9782889666539
• File Size : 45,6 Mb
• Total Download : 404
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Download Facing the Upcoming of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Bacteria: Novel Antimicrobial Therapies (NATs) in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

PDF book entitled Facing the Upcoming of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Bacteria: Novel Antimicrobial Therapies (NATs) written by Angel León-Buitimea,Jose Ruben Morones-Ramirez,Jason H. Yang,Rafael Peña-Miller and published by Frontiers Media SA which was released on 2021-04-01 with total hardcover pages 136, the book become popular and critical acclaim.

• Author : Bryan Rosner
• Publisher : BioMed Publishing Group
• Release Date : 2005
• Total pages : 224
• ISBN : 9780976379706
• File Size : 35,6 Mb
• Total Download : 937
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Download When Antibiotics Fail in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

WHY RIFE MACHINES? Lyme Disease is caused by Borrelia Burgdorferi, a spirochete bacteria similar to the bacteria that causes Syphilis . Lyme Disease is known as the “Great Imitator” – It can masquerade as Attention Deficit Disorder , Chronic Fatigue Syndrome , Fibromyalgia, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder , Alzheimer's Disease , Schizophrenia , Depression , Multiple Sclerosis , arthritis , heart conditions, and more. The July, 2004 issue of Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients indicates that Lyme Disease is thought to be the fastest spreading infectious disease in the world, with more than 200,000 new cases per year in the United States alone. Lyme Disease tests are notoriously inaccurate, leading to rampant under-diagnosis of the disease (See Appendix A ). But even the people who are lucky enough to receive an accurate diagnosis do not always respond to antibiotic therapy. Aggressive antibiotic therapy, applied by a Lyme Literate Medical Doctor (LLMD), sometimes fails to provide a cure. Many patients take antibiotics for years, often in combinations of two or three drugs simultaneously – yet in some cases the infection becomes chronic anyway, and numerous Lyme Disease sufferers end up staying sick, losing their jobs, getting dropped by insurance companies, going broke, and losing hope. These monumentally discouraging obstacles facing Lyme Disease sufferers have led many of them to explore the rife machine treatment option, a promising electromagnetic therapy which often works after antibiotics fail.

• Author : Pilar García Suárez,Lucía Fernández
• Publisher : MDPI
• Release Date : 2020-11-24
• Total pages : 390
• ISBN : 9783039434046
• File Size : 53,8 Mb
• Total Download : 624
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Download Bacteriophages in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

There is talk of an upcoming antibiotic armageddon, with untreatable post-operative infections, and similarly untreatable complications after chemotherapy. Indeed, the now famous “O’Neill Report” (https://amr-review.org/) suggests that, by 2050, more people might die from antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections than from cancer. While we are still learning all the subtle drivers of antibiotic resistance, it seems increasingly clear that we need to take a “one health” approach, curtailing the use of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine. However, there are no new classes of antibiotics on our horizon. Maybe something that has been around “forever” can come to our rescue—bacteriophages! Nevertheless, it is also necessary to do things differently, and use these new antimicrobials appropriately. Therefore, an in-depth study of bacteriophage biology and case-by-case applications might be required. Whilst by no means comprehensive, this book does cover some of the many topics related to bacteriophages as antimicrobials, including their use in human therapy and aquaculture. It also explores the potential use of phage endolysins as substitutes of antibiotics in two sectors where there is an urgent need—human therapy and the agro-food industry. Last but not least, there is an excellent perspective article on phage therapy implementation.

• Author : Marc Stadler,Petra Dersch
• Publisher : Springer
• Release Date : 2016-12-21
• Total pages : 496
• ISBN : 9783319492841
• File Size : 53,7 Mb
• Total Download : 304
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Download How to Overcome the Antibiotic Crisis in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

This volume focuses on antibiotics research, a field of topical significance for human health due to the worrying increase of nosocomial infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria. It covers several basic aspects, such as the evolution of antibiotic resistance and the influence of antibiotics on the gut microbiota, and addresses the search for novel pathogenicity blockers as well as historical aspects of antibiotics. Further topics include applied aspects, such as drug discovery based on biodiversity and genome mining, optimization of lead structures by medicinal chemistry, total synthesis and drug delivery technologies. Moreover, the development of vaccines as a valid alternative therapeutic approach is outlined, while the importance of epidemiological studies on important bacterial pathogens, the problems arising from the excessive use of antibiotics in animal breeding, and the development of innovative technologies for diagnosing the “bad bugs” are discussed in detail. Accordingly, the book will appeal to researchers and clinicians alike.

• Author : Tomas G. Villa,Miguel Vinas
• Publisher : Springer
• Release Date : 2016-03-24
• Total pages : 556
• ISBN : 9783319283685
• File Size : 41,9 Mb
• Total Download : 668
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Download New Weapons to Control Bacterial Growth in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Written by specialists in the different fields, this book presents new perspectives and insights into strategies and weapons to fight microbial infections. It also reviews the “state of the art” of alternative treatment approaches and new therapeutic agents to deal with infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms. In an era of accumulated resistance to current antibiotics, it is vital that this is undertaken without further delay. Aspects discussed include the control of RNA synthesis, the use of bacteriocins or enzybiotics (bacteriophages or purified lysins), the specific control of pathogenic clostridia, the design of new drugs affecting DNA synthesis in bacteria, the use of fecal-matter transplant strategies, the specific control of quorum sensing responses in bacteria, the use of new peptides as antibiotics and new ways to control bacteria that cause cancer, such as Helicobacter pylori cancers.

• Author : Marc Lappé
• Publisher : Anchor Books
• Release Date : 1982
• Total pages : 272
• ISBN : STANFORD:36105005287375
• File Size : 55,8 Mb
• Total Download : 944
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Download Germs that Won't Die in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

PDF book entitled Germs that Won't Die written by Marc Lappé and published by Anchor Books which was released on 1982 with total hardcover pages 272, the book become popular and critical acclaim.

• Author : David Whitehouse,Ralph Rapley
• Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
• Release Date : 2012-02-17
• Total pages : 336
• ISBN : 9781119967804
• File Size : 38,7 Mb
• Total Download : 348
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Download Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics aims to bring together key developments in the areas of molecular diagnostics, therapeutics and drug discovery. The book covers topics including diagnostics, therapeutics, model systems, clinical trials and drug discovery. The developing approaches to molecular and cellular therapies, diagnostics and drug discovery are presented in the context of the pathologies they are devised to treat.

• Author : Martin Scott
• Publisher : Unknown
• Release Date : 2017-03-28
• Total pages : 158
• ISBN : 1520916418
• File Size : 41,7 Mb
• Total Download : 467
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Download Last Chance: Viral Phage Therapy in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Last Chance Viral Phage TherapyThe Natural Alternative To AntibioticsAntibiotics: The best option for you. Right? Not necessarily... there may be an alternative: Phage Therapy!Phage Therapy: The use of bacteriophages, the most abundant organisms on earth, used to attack and kill host cells in bacterial viruses. Although not recognized as a medicinal product, and not covered by public health insurance in most countries, phage therapy is something to be explored. Research suggests that phage therapy can even be used in conjunction with antibiotics in cases where there is antibiotic resistance.With information on the advantages that phage therapy has over conventional antibiotic therapy, the pros and cons of its use and further information on antibiotic resistance 'Last Chance: Viral Phage Therapy' will give you all the information you need to know and more.

• Author : Stephen T. Abedon,Pilar García,Peter Mullany,Rustam Aminov
• Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
• Release Date : 2017-09-05
• Total pages : 394
• ISBN : 9782889452514
• File Size : 10,8 Mb
• Total Download : 220
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Download Phage Therapy: Past, Present and Future in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Historically, the first observation of a transmissible lytic agent that is specifically active against a bacterium (Bacillus anthracis) was by a Russian microbiologist Nikolay Gamaleya in 1898. At that time, however, it was too early to make a connection to another discovery made by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892 and Martinus Beijerinck in 1898 on a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants. Thus the viral world was discovered in two of the three domains of life, and our current understanding is that viruses represent the most abundant biological entities on the planet. The potential of bacteriophages for infection treatment have been recognized after the discoveries by Frederick Twort and Felix d’Hérelle in 1915 and 1917. Subsequent phage therapy developments, however, have been overshadowed by the remarkable success of antibiotics in infection control and treatment, and phage therapy research and development persisted mostly in the former Soviet Union countries, Russia and Georgia, as well as in France and Poland. The dramatic rise of antibiotic resistance and especially of multi-drug resistance among human and animal bacterial pathogens, however, challenged the position of antibiotics as a single most important pillar for infection control and treatment. Thus there is a renewed interest in phage therapy as a possible additive/alternative therapy, especially for the infections that resist routine antibiotic treatment. The basis for the revival of phage therapy is affected by a number of issues that need to be resolved before it can enter the arena, which is traditionally reserved for antibiotics. Probably the most important is the regulatory issue: How should phage therapy be regulated? Similarly to drugs? Then the co-evolving nature of phage-bacterial host relationship will be a major hurdle for the production of consistent phage formulae. Or should we resort to the phage products such as lysins and the corresponding engineered versions in order to have accurate and consistent delivery doses? We still have very limited knowledge about the pharmacodynamics of phage therapy. More data, obtained in animal models, are necessary to evaluate the phage therapy efficiency compared, for example, to antibiotics. Another aspect is the safety of phage therapy. How do phages interact with the immune system and to what costs, or benefits? What are the risks, in the course of phage therapy, of transduction of undesirable properties such as virulence or antibiotic resistance genes? How frequent is the development of bacterial host resistance during phage therapy? Understanding these and many other aspects of phage therapy, basic and applied, is the main subject of this Topic.

• Author : Anonim
• Publisher : iUniverse
• Release Date : 2004-08
• Total pages : 233
• ISBN : 9780595325801
• File Size : 16,9 Mb
• Total Download : 981
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Download They Call ME a QUACK! in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Changing Attitudes Toward Alternative Medicine For years, doctors who have dared to practice alternative medicine have been called quacks but recently there has been a changing attitude toward alternatives that is driven mostly by health consumers. Increasingly, unconventional therapies are being shown to have a basis in science and medical professionals are waking up to the fact that it often requires a blend of different approaches to achieve clinical success. a pioneer in his field, Dr. W. Gene Schroeder has developed a patient-oriented holistic medical practice by thoroughly investigating and integrating a wide-range of alternative therapies. His book provides a record of his discoveries. Gentle, Effective Therapies This book covers: Healing practices that will help you stay healthy Subtle, invisible forces that play a role in consciousness and health Microcurrent technology that works on "untreatable" conditions Alternative therapies that provide a foundation in the field of holistic medicine Health issues that threaten our future including cancer and mercury/root canals Case studies about patients who have had medical breakthroughs

• Author : John W. Wilson MD,Lynn L. Estes MD
• Publisher : Oxford University Press
• Release Date : 2018-04-04
• Total pages : 396
• ISBN : 9780190696931
• File Size : 52,6 Mb
• Total Download : 771
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Download Mayo Clinic Antimicrobial Therapy in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

The medical management of infectious diseases and antimicrobial therapy can be a daunting task for health care professionals. Infectious diseases experts at Mayo Clinic provide a coordinated, unified approach to infectious disease treatment for the general patient population as well as the complex patients seen at this internationally renowned destination medical center. Over twenty contributors represent the spectrum of infectious disease experience within the Mayo Clinic framework of patient-centered care. Highlights of Mayo Clinic Antimicrobial Therapy: Quick Guide, Third Edition include simplified and thorough drug dosing recommendations for renal function and renal replacement therapies, drugs of choice for specific organisms (including bacteria, fungi, and viruses), and updated and simplified antimicrobial and management recommendations for specific infectious syndromes. New features of the third edition include dosing recommendations for extended infusions and obese and neonatal patient populations and treatment options targeted for hepatitis B and C infections, prosthetic joint infections, post-transplant infections, and infections resulting from bioterrorism. This compact, user-friendly resource brings the specialized knowledge of Mayo Clinic to your fingertips.

• Author : Yashwant Kumar
• Publisher : Unknown
• Release Date : 2019
• Total pages : 229
• ISBN : 1789857848
• File Size : 29,6 Mb
• Total Download : 360
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Download Antimicrobial Resistance in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

PDF book entitled Antimicrobial Resistance written by Yashwant Kumar and published by Unknown which was released on 2019 with total hardcover pages 229, the book become popular and critical acclaim.

• Author : Guangshun Wang
• Publisher : CABI
• Release Date : 2017-09-01
• Total pages : 286
• ISBN : 9781786390394
• File Size : 34,5 Mb
• Total Download : 350
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Download Antimicrobial Peptides in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted extensive research attention worldwide. Harnessing and creating AMPs synthetically has the potential to help overcome increasing antibiotic resistance in many pathogens. This new edition lays the foundations for studying AMPs, including a discovery timeline, terminology, nomenclature and classifications. It covers current advances in AMP research and examines state-of-the-art technologies such as bioinformatics, combinatorial libraries, high-throughput screening, database-guided identification, genomics and proteomics-based prediction, and structure-based design of AMPs. Thoroughly updated and revised, this second edition contains new content covering: defensins; cathelicidins; anti-MRSA, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer and antibiofilm strategies; combined treatments; adjuvants in vaccines; advances in AMP technologies that cover surface coating to prevent biofilm formation; nanofiber encapsulation technologies for delivery and sustained release; and understanding innate immunity and the basis for immune boosting to overcome obstacles in developing AMPs into therapeutic agents. Written and reviewed by a group of established investigators in the field, Antimicrobial Peptides is a valuable resource for postgraduate students, researchers, educators, and medical and industrial personnel.

• Author : Scott H. Podolsky
• Publisher : JHU Press
• Release Date : 2006-05
• Total pages : 267
• ISBN : 9780801883279
• File Size : 20,8 Mb
• Total Download : 270
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Download Pneumonia Before Antibiotics in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Pneumonia—Osler's "Captain of the Men of Death" and still the leading infectious cause of death in the United States—has until now received scant attention from historians. In Pneumonia Before Antibiotics, clinician-historian Scott H. Podolsky uses pneumonia's enduring prevalence and its centrality to the medical profession's therapeutic self-identity to examine the evolution of therapeutics in twentieth-century America. Focusing largely on the treatment of pneumonia in first half of the century with type-specific serotherapy, Podolsky provides insight into the rise and clinical evaluation of therapeutic "specifics," the contested domains of private practice and public health, and-as the treatment of pneumonia made the transition from serotherapy to chemotherapy and antibiotics—the tempo and mode of therapeutic change itself. Type-specific serotherapy, founded on the tenets of applied immunology, justified by controlled clinical trials, and grounded in a novel public ethos, was deemed revolutionary when it emerged to replace supportive therapeutics. With the advent of the even more revolutionary sulfa drugs and antibiotics, pneumonia ceased to be a public health concern and became instead an illness treated in individual patients by individual physicians. Podolsky describes the new therapeutics and the scientists and practitioners who developed and debated them. He finds that, rather than representing a barren era in anticipation of some unknown transformation to come, the first decades of the twentieth-century shaped the use of, and reliance upon, the therapeutic specific throughout the century and beyond. This intriguing study will interest historians of medicine and science, policymakers, and clinicians alike.