Global Legislation For Food Contact Materials

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• Author : J.S. Baughan
• Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
• Release Date : 2022-06-30
• Total pages : 252
• ISBN : 9780323851428
• File Size : 50,5 Mb
• Total Download : 769
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Download Global Legislation for Food Contact Materials in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Global Legislation for Food Contact Materials, Second Edition, provides the latest regulatory updates, advances and developments on the main materials used for food contact in terms of the global legislation in place to ensure their safe and effective use. Food contact materials such as packaging, storage containers and processing surfaces can pose a substantial hazard to both food manufacturer and consumer due to the migration of chemicals or other substances from the material to the food, which can cause tainting of flavours and other sensory characteristics, or even illness. Offering a comprehensive introduction to global legislation for food contact materials, this book looks in detail at the legislation for specific food contact materials and their advantages, hazards and use in industry. It covers a broad area of global legislation, including plastic, coatings, regenerated cellulose, rubber, bioplastics, active and intelligent packaging materials, and recycled plastics in contact with food. It also includes expert analysis of future trends in global food packaging regulation. Global Legislation for Food Contact Materials, Second Edition, is a key reference text for R&D managers and safety assessment/quality control managers in food and beverage packaging, equipment manufacturers and food processors, as well as legal staff in food industry and academics with a research interest in this area. Provides essential updates on the regulatory information provided in the first edition including important updates to EU legislation, advancement of Chinese regulatory system, and updated USDA guidance documents Features expert analysis of future trends in global food packaging regulation Focus on specific materials such as plastic, paper and rubber materials in contact with food

• Author : Rinus Rijk,Rob Veraart
• Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
• Release Date : 2010-03-19
• Total pages : 414
• ISBN : 3527630066
• File Size : 29,8 Mb
• Total Download : 213
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Download Global Legislation for Food Packaging Materials in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Providing a truly global overview of legislation in all major countries, this practical volume contains the information vital for manufactures of food contact materials and food producers, facilitating a comparison of the requirements and making mutual requirements easier to identify. It covers not only plastics but also other food contact materials, such as paper, board, coatings, ceramics, cork, rubber, and textiles.

• Author : Bjřrg Mikkelsen,Agneta Tollin,Liisa Rajakangas,Bente Fabech,Ingibjörg Jónsdóttir,Katrín Guðjónsdóttir,Mette Christiansen,Mette Holm,Christin Furuhagen,Merja Virtanen,Julie Tesdal Håland,Charlotte Legind,Pirkko Kostamo,Ågot Li,Signe Sem
• Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
• Release Date : 2015
• Total pages : 66
• ISBN : 9789289343169
• File Size : 21,6 Mb
• Total Download : 461
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Download Nordic Checklist Food Contact Materials in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Documentation of compliance with the legislation is a corner stone in the control of food contact materials (FCM). In-house control is an important pre-requisite to limit contamination from FCM and shall be based on the declaration of compliance and supporting documentation at the responsible business operators in the supply chain. The goal of this project was to develop a Nordic checklist on documentation of compliance for FCM. The Nordic checklist contains several templates. The different templates provide check points on the minimum requirements for a declaration of compliance for all types of materials. The templates are meant to be used by industry and trade as guidance for drafting a declaration of compliance. Furthermore, the check lists are also meant to be tools for the public food and FCM inspection.

• Author : Aleksandra Martinovic,Sangsuk Oh,Huub Lelieveld
• Publisher : Academic Press
• Release Date : 2022-02-10
• Total pages : 560
• ISBN : 9780128160121
• File Size : 32,5 Mb
• Total Download : 386
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Download Ensuring Global Food Safety in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Ensuring Global Food Safety: Exploring Global Harmonization, Second Edition, examines the policies and practices of food law which remain top contributors to food waste. This fully revised and updated edition offers a rational and multifaceted approach to the science-based issue of "what is safe for consumption?" and how creating a globally acceptable framework of microbiological, toxicological and nutritional standards can contribute to the alleviation of hunger and food insecurity in the world. Currently, many laws and regulations are so stringent that healthy food is destroyed based on scientifically incorrect information upon which laws and regulations are based. This book illuminates these issues, offering guidelines for moving toward a scientifically sound approach to food safety regulation that can also improve food security without putting consumers at risk. Presents the progress and current status of regulatory harmonization for food standards Provides a science-based foundation for global regulatory consensus Approaches challenges from a risk-benefit approach, also including safety assurance Includes global perspectives from governmental, academic and industry experts

• Author : Evelyn Kirchsteiger-Meier,Tobias Baumgartner
• Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
• Release Date : 2014-05-27
• Total pages : 352
• ISBN : 9783527680818
• File Size : 40,7 Mb
• Total Download : 693
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Download Global Food Legislation in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Food is produced not only to be consumed in the country of its origin, but also to be exported to various locations worldwide. As such, manufacturers and suppliers need to know the market conditions and regulations of their customers in export markets. Filling a distinct need in the globalized food economy, this introductory reference distils the key facts and regulations from the food laws of 10 countries and the European Union across four continents. The result is a truly global survey of the world's most important food markets in terms of regulatory standards, principles and the authorities involved. To enable comparison between each country portrait, each chapter is structured in the same way, and includes information on the legal framework, the competent authorities, explanations of the basic principles of food law, introductions to the main areas of regulation (particularly, labeling and advertising; food hygiene and safety; additives and flavorings; food supplements; genetically modified organisms; import and export regulations), accountability regulations, and information on Internet resources. The publication therefore provides key facts for food producers active on the international market, who often lack the time and resources to refer to the primary laws and legal commentaries. Markets discussed: Argentina Brazil Canada China European Union Japan USA Republic of Korea Russian Federation Switzerland Turkey

• Author : Christine Boisrobert,Aleksandra Stjepanovic,Sangsuk Oh,Huub Lelieveld
• Publisher : Academic Press
• Release Date : 2009-11-11
• Total pages : 472
• ISBN : 0080889301
• File Size : 23,5 Mb
• Total Download : 745
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Download Ensuring Global Food Safety in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Taking into account toxicity levels at normal consumption levels, intake per kg bodyweight and other acknowledged considerations, each chapter in this book will be based on one or more proven examples. It is intended to provide specific examples and potential improvements to the safety of the world's food supply, while also increasing the amount of food available to those in undernourished countries. This book is designed to to provide science-based tools for improving legislation and regulation. Benefits: Reduce amount of food destroyed due to difference in regulations between nations Positively impact the time-to-market of new food products by recognizing benefit of "one rule that applies to all" Use the comparison of regulations and resulting consequences to make appropriate, fully-informed decisions Employ proven science to obtain global consensus for regulations Understand how to harmonize test protocols and analytical methods for accurate measurement and evaluation Take advantage of using a risk/benefit based approach rather than risk/avoidance to maximize regulatory decisions

• Author : Preeti Singh,Ali Abas Wani,Horst-Christian Langowski
• Publisher : CRC Press
• Release Date : 2017-06-26
• Total pages : 443
• ISBN : 9781315356792
• File Size : 29,9 Mb
• Total Download : 430
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Download Food Packaging Materials in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

This book is arguably the first one focusing on packaging material testing and quality assurance. Food Packaging Materials: Testing & Quality Assurance provides information to help food scientists, polymer chemists, and packaging technologists find practical solutions to packaging defects and to develop innovative packaging materials for food products. Knowledge of packaging material testing procedures is extremely useful in the development of new packaging materials. Unique among books on packaging, this reference focuses on basic and practical approaches for testing packaging materials. A variety of packaging materials and technologies are being used, with glass, paper, metal, and plastics as the most important groups of materials. Material properties such as mechanical and other physical properties, permeability, sealing, and migration of substances upon food contact are determining factors for food quality, shelf life, and food safety. Therefore, food packaging materials have to be tested to ensure that they have correct properties in terms of permeability for gases, water vapor, and contaminants; of mechanical and other physical properties; and of the thickness of main components and coating layers. This book has been designed to shed light on food packaging material testing in view of packaging integrity, shelf life of products, and conformity with current regulations. This comprehensive book, written by a team of specialists in the specific areas of food packaging, package testing, and food contact regulations, deals with the problems in a series of well-defined chapters. It covers the relations between packaging properties and shelf life of products and describes testing methods for plastics, metal, glass, and paper, including the areas of vibration, permeation, and migration tests. It will be of benefit for students, scientists, and professionals in the area of food packaging.

• Author : H. L. M. Lelieveld,John Holah,Domagoj Gabric
• Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
• Release Date : 2016-06-10
• Total pages : 756
• ISBN : 9780081001974
• File Size : 18,9 Mb
• Total Download : 500
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Download Handbook of Hygiene Control in the Food Industry in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Handbook of Hygiene Control in the Food Industry, Second Edition, continues to be an authoritative reference for anyone who needs hands-on practical information to improve best practices in food safety and quality. The book is written by leaders in the field who understand the complex issues of control surrounding food industry design, operations, and processes, contamination management methods, route analysis processing, allergenic residues, pest management, and more. Professionals and students will find a comprehensive account of risk analysis and management solutions they can use to minimize risks and hazards plus tactics and best practices for creating a safe food supply, farm to fork. Presents the latest research and development in the field of hygiene, offering a broad range of the microbiological risks associated with food processing Provides practical hygiene related solutions in food facilities to minimize foodborne pathogens and decrease the occurrence of foodborne disease Includes the latest information on biofilm formation and detection for prevention and control of pathogens as well as pathogen resistance

• Author : Martin J. Forrest
• Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
• Release Date : 2019-04-01
• Total pages : 358
• ISBN : 9783110640441
• File Size : 15,8 Mb
• Total Download : 884
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Download Rubber Analysis in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Rubber analysis plays a vital part in ensuring that manufactured products are fit for purpose. This comprehensive, application-based book with up-to-date referencing covers all important applications and subject area associated with the analysis of rubber compounds and rubber products. Includes characterization of rubber polymers, rubber fumes, identification of extractables and leachables, as well as reverse engineering on compounded products.

• Author : Sina Ebnesajjad
• Publisher : William Andrew
• Release Date : 2012-12-31
• Total pages : 384
• ISBN : 9781455731152
• File Size : 26,9 Mb
• Total Download : 374
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Download Plastic Films in Food Packaging in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

The value of the groceries purchases in the USA is over $500 billion annually, most of which is accounted for by packaged foods. Plastic packaging of foods is not only ubiquitous in developed economies, but increasingly commonplace in the developing world, where plastic packaging is instrumental in decreasing the proportion of the food supply lost to spoilage. This new handbook is a combination of new material and updated chapters, chosen by Dr. Sina Ebnesajjad, from recently published books on this subject. Plastic Films in Food Packaging offers a practical handbook for engineers, scientists and managers working in the food packaging industry, providing a tailor-made package of science and engineering fundamentals, best practice techniques and guidance on new and emerging technologies. By covering materials, design, packaging processes, machinery and waste management together in one book, the authors enable the reader to take a lifecycle approach to food packaging. The Handbook addresses questions related to film grades, types of packages for different types of foods, packaging technologies, machinery and waste management. Additionally the book provides a review of new and emerging technologies. Two chapters cover the development of barrier films for food packaging and the regulatory and safety aspects of food packaging. Essential information and practical guidance for engineers and scientists working at all stages of the food packaging lifecycle: from design through manufacture to recycling Includes key published material on plastic films in food packaging, updated specifically for this Handbook, and new material on the regulatory framework and safety aspects Coverage of materials and applications together in one handbook enables engineers and scientists to make informed design and manufacturing decisions

• Author : Pratima Bajpai
• Publisher : Elsevier
• Release Date : 2019-06-14
• Total pages : 250
• ISBN : 9780128184059
• File Size : 25,9 Mb
• Total Download : 937
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Download Biobased Polymers in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Biobased Polymers: Properties and Applications in Packaging looks at how biopolymers may be used in packaging as a potential green solution. The book addresses bio-based feedstocks, production processes, packaging types, recent trends in packaging, the environmental impact of bio-based polymers, and legislative demands for food contact packaging materials. Chapters explore opportunities for biopolymers in key end-use sectors, the penetration of biopolymer based concepts in the packaging market, and barriers to widespread commercialization. As the development of bio-based material is an important factor for sustainably growing the packaging industry, these recent trends in consumer markets are extremely important as we move towards greener packaging. Hence, this resource is an invaluable addition on the topic. Offers a comprehensive introduction to the subject for researchers interested in bio-based products, green and sustainable chemistry, polymer chemistry and materials science Covers the market for bio-based materials Includes discussions on legislative demands for food contact packaging materials Describes interesting new technologies, including nanotechnology approaches

• Author : Joseph P. Kerry
• Publisher : Elsevier
• Release Date : 2012-06-22
• Total pages : 720
• ISBN : 9780857095718
• File Size : 21,5 Mb
• Total Download : 408
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Download Advances in Meat, Poultry and Seafood Packaging in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Packaging plays an essential role in limiting undesired microbial growth and sensory deterioration. Advances in meat, poultry and seafood packaging provides a comprehensive review of both current and emerging technologies for the effective packaging of muscle foods. Part one provides a comprehensive overview of key issues concerning the safety and quality of packaged meat, poultry and seafood. Part two goes on to investigate developments in vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging for both fresh and processed muscle foods, including advances in bulk packaging and soluble carbon dioxide use. Other packaging methods are the focus of part three, with the packaging of processed, frozen, ready-to-serve and retail-ready meat, seafood and poultry products all reviewed, alongside advances in sausage casings and in-package pasteurization. Finally, part four explores emerging labelling and packaging techniques. Environmentally-compatible, antimicrobial and antioxidant active packaging for meat and poultry are investigated, along with edible films, smart packaging systems, and issues regarding traceability and regulation. With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, Advances in meat, poultry and seafood packaging is a key text for those involved with the research, development and production of packaged meat, poultry and seafood products. It also provides an essential overview for post-graduate students and academic researchers with an interest in the packaging of muscle foods. Provides a comprehensive review of current and emerging technologies for the effective and safe packaging of muscle foods Investigates developments in vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging for fresh and processed muscle foods, including advances in bulk packaging and soluble carbon dioxide use Explores environmentally-compatible, antimicrobial and antioxidant active packaging for meat and poultry, along with edible films, smart packaging systems, and issues regarding traceability and regulation

• Author : K Barnes,Richard Sinclair,David Watson
• Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
• Release Date : 2006-12-22
• Total pages : 480
• ISBN : 9781845692094
• File Size : 20,8 Mb
• Total Download : 695
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Download Chemical Migration and Food Contact Materials in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Food and beverages can be very aggressive chemical milieu and may interact strongly with materials that they touch. Whenever food is placed in contact with another substance, there is a risk that chemicals from the contact material may migrate into the food. These chemicals may be harmful if ingested in large quantities, or impart a taint or odour to the food, negatively affecting food quality. Food packaging is the most obvious example of a food contact material. As the demand for pre-packaged foods increases, so might the potential risk to consumers from the release of chemicals into the food product. Chemical migration and food contact materials reviews the latest controls and research in this field and how they can be used to ensure that food is safe to eat. Part one discusses the regulation and quality control of chemical migration into food. Part two reviews the latest developments in areas such as exposure estimation and analysis of food contact materials. The final part contains specific chapters on major food contact materials and packaging types, such as recycled plastics, metals, paper and board, multi-layer packaging and intelligent packaging. With its distinguished editors and international team of authors, Chemical migration and food contact materials is an essential reference for scientists and professionals in food packaging manufacture and food processing, as well as all those concerned with assessing the safety of food. Reviews worldwide regulation of food contact materials Includes the latest developments in the analysis of food contact materials Looks in detail at different food contact materials

• Author : Martin John Forrest
• Publisher : Smithers Rapra Technology
• Release Date : 2009
• Total pages : 363
• ISBN : 1847351417
• File Size : 20,7 Mb
• Total Download : 718
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Download Food Contact Materials in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

"Food Contact Materials - Rubbers, Silicones, Coatings and Inks, is an amalgamation of data from four recent projects. This report provides a wealth of information taken from the results and findings of research projects on: Migration Data of Food Contact Rubbers (Two projects), Rubber Breakdown Products, Chemical Migration from Silicones used in Connection with Food Contact Materials and Articles and An Assessment of the Potential of Migration of Substances from Inks and their Respective Coatings. Each review provides an expert overview of the products as food contact materials, with a comprehensive accompanying list of relevant references from the Smithers Rapra Polymer Library to enable further reading. In each case there is an initial in-depth description of the variety and types of products that are used in industry, and the chemical processes associated with their manufacture. A summary of the relevant food contact regulations, together with the migration and analytical testing regimes used to assess their suitability for food contact are also included. Food Contact Materials - Rubbers, Silicones, Coatings and Inks, brings together important sources of food contact information in a single, convenient volume and will be an important reference source for workers in the food industry in general, and within the food contact field in particular. This handbook will also be of interest to anyone who works with the packaging of food and beverages and also to those who are studying food packaging/processing."--Publisher's website.

• Author : Alexandru Grumezescu
• Publisher : Academic Press
• Release Date : 2016-09-14
• Total pages : 796
• ISBN : 9780128043738
• File Size : 54,7 Mb
• Total Download : 961
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Download Food Packaging in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Food Packaging: Nanotechnology in the Agri-Food Industry, Volume 7, focuses on the development of novel nanobiomaterials, the enhancement of barrier performance of non-degradable and biodegradable plastics, and their fabrication and application in food packaging. The book brings together fundamental information and the most recent advances in the synthesis, design, and impact of alternative food packaging. Special attention is offered on smart materials and nanodevices that are able to detect quality parameters in packaged food, such as freshness, degradation, and contamination, etc. In addition, ecological approaches aiming to obtain bioplastics packages from waste materials are highlighted and discussed as a novel approach in modern food packaging. Nonetheless, this volume presents the advances made in biodegradable and bioactive packaging utilized for preserving flavor, nutritious ingredients, and therapeutic food compounds. Includes fabrication techniques, such as nanofiber films, nanocoating, nanocompositing, multi-layered structures, and layer-by-layer nanoassemblies based on synthetic and bio-based polymers Presents the latest information on new biodegradeable materials using fabrication of new high barrier plastics to enhance research Provides examples of risk assessment for nanomaterials for food safety and the benefits of antimicrobial food packaging

• Author : British Retail Consortium
• Publisher : The Stationery Office
• Release Date : 2005
• Total pages : 72
• ISBN : 9780117022232
• File Size : 34,6 Mb
• Total Download : 509
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Download BRC Global Standard in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Dated January 2005. No public library discount on this item. Supersedes Issue 3 (English-language ed.) (ISBN 0117031984)

• Author : Richard Coles,Derek McDowell,Mark J. Kirwan
• Publisher : CRC Press
• Release Date : 2003-08-15
• Total pages : 370
• ISBN : 084939788X
• File Size : 28,5 Mb
• Total Download : 729
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Download Food Packaging Technology in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

The protection and preservation of a product, the launch of new products or re-launch of existing products, perception of added-value to products or services, and cost reduction in the supply chain are all objectives of food packaging. Taking into consideration the requirements specific to different products, how can one package successfully meet all of these goals? Food Packaging Technology provides a contemporary overview of food processing and packaging technologies. Covering the wide range of issues you face when developing innovative food packaging, the book includes: Food packaging strategy, design, and development Food biodeterioation and methods of preservation Packaged product quality and shelf life Logistical packaging for food marketing systems Packaging materials and processes The battle rages over which type of container should be used for which application. It is therefore necessary to consider which materials, or combination of materials and processes will best serve the market and enhance brand value. Food Packaging Technology gives you the tools to determine which form of packaging will meet your business goals without compromising the safety of your product.

• Author : Anu Bradford
• Publisher : Oxford University Press
• Release Date : 2020-01-27
• Total pages : 368
• ISBN : 9780190088606
• File Size : 50,5 Mb
• Total Download : 145
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Download The Brussels Effect in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

For many observers, the European Union is mired in a deep crisis. Between sluggish growth; political turmoil following a decade of austerity politics; Brexit; and the rise of Asian influence, the EU is seen as a declining power on the world stage. Columbia Law professor Anu Bradford argues the opposite in her important new book The Brussels Effect: the EU remains an influential superpower that shapes the world in its image. By promulgating regulations that shape the international business environment, elevating standards worldwide, and leading to a notable Europeanization of many important aspects of global commerce, the EU has managed to shape policy in areas such as data privacy, consumer health and safety, environmental protection, antitrust, and online hate speech. And in contrast to how superpowers wield their global influence, the Brussels Effect - a phrase first coined by Bradford in 2012- absolves the EU from playing a direct role in imposing standards, as market forces alone are often sufficient as multinational companies voluntarily extend the EU rule to govern their global operations. The Brussels Effect shows how the EU has acquired such power, why multinational companies use EU standards as global standards, and why the EU's role as the world's regulator is likely to outlive its gradual economic decline, extending the EU's influence long into the future.

• Author : John Braithwaite,Peter Drahos
• Publisher : Cambridge University Press
• Release Date : 2000-02-13
• Total pages : 722
• ISBN : 9781107717503
• File Size : 20,6 Mb
• Total Download : 986
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Download Global Business Regulation in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Across an amazing sweep of the critical areas of business regulation - from contract, intellectual property and corporations law, to trade, telecommunications, labour standards, drugs, food, transport and environment - this book confronts the question of how the regulation of business has shifted from national to global institutions. Based on interviews with 500 international leaders in business and government, this book examines the role played by global institutions such as the WTO, the OECD, IMF, Moody's and the World Bank, as well as various NGOs and significant individuals. The authors argue that effective and decent global regulation depends on the determination of individuals to engage with powerful agendas and decision-making bodies that would otherwise be dominated by concentrated economic interests. This book will become a standard reference for readers in business, law, politics and international relations.

• Author : Jessica Vapnek,Melvin Spreij,Food and Agriculture Organization,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
• Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
• Release Date : 2005
• Total pages : 286
• ISBN : 9251054312
• File Size : 25,6 Mb
• Total Download : 241
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Download Perspectives and Guidelines on Food Legislation in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

The increasing globalization of food trade and the harmonization of food standards and food safety rules have led to significant changes in the international and national regulatory frameworks for food. There is an increasing recognition of the need to integrate and improve coordination of regulatory activities among national and international bodies for better protection of human, animal and plant life and health without creating unnecessary barriers to trade. In addition, catastrophic outbreaks of food-borne disease have sparked increasing attention to the regulatory frameworks for food safety and food trade in the global arena. These developments have given rise to new legislative needs. National regulatory frameworks have to be adjusted to meet international and regional obligations, while the distribution of responsibilities for the food sector requires rigorous review. The present text draws on FAO's experience in providing technical assistance to governments developing new food laws and regulations, setting out and examining the many elements of the national system which should be taken into account in a comprehensive review of national regulatory frameworks for food. Towards that end, the text offers concrete recommendations for the preparation of a basic national food law, including three variants of a new model food law.

• Author : Yehia El-Samragy
• Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
• Release Date : 2018-07-11
• Total pages : 78
• ISBN : 9781789234701
• File Size : 51,8 Mb
• Total Download : 237
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Download Food Safety in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Food safety is defined as the concept that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared and/or eaten according to its intended use. Most food product recalls and food-related outbreaks are fully considered as food safety failures. Many risk-based food safety standards, e.g., HACCP, BRC, SQF, ISO/FSSC 22000, are designed to prevent such issues from occurring. Any food recall or food-related outbreak may be attributed to the likelihood of a risk assessment, which in some way failed to identify and control the risk. The essence and true nature of food safety hazards are affected by resources of the food facility, e.g., human, work environment, infrastructure, availability and accessibility of food safety information. Thus, food specialists should establish and manage the parameters of the applied food safety systems to achieve the food safety objectives that produce food in compliance with regulatory and statutory requirements. It is important to understand what exactly will make an end product unsafe and ensure that the necessary control measures are in place to prevent it from happening. Understanding the basic food safety concepts can lead to improvement of the current food safety systems and/or standards.