Cytokine Response Against Major Human Viral Infections

If you want to download Cytokine Response Against Major Human Viral Infections book in PDF, ePub and kindle or read online directly from your devices, click Download button to get Cytokine Response Against Major Human Viral Infections book now. This site is like a library, Use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want.

• Author : Mukesh Samant,Prashant Khare
• Publisher : Academic Press
• Release Date : 2023-07-01
• Total pages : 0
• ISBN : 0443152837
• File Size : 52,6 Mb
• Total Download : 835
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Cytokine Response Against Major Human Viral Infections in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Cytokine Response Against Major Human Infections provides comprehensive data and is the milestone to understand the immunological response against various viral infections. Coverage includes the role and mode of possible impact of cytokines on disease pathogenesis and host immune response. Cytokines, as a part of innate immunity, favor the development of antiviral and TH 1-type immune responses. Cytokines also affect the adaptive immune response and disease manifestation. In 5 sections Cytokine Response Against Major Human Infections gives a comprehensive introduction to clinical manifestations of viral and infectious diseases; explains the role cytokines in DNA virus infections, RNA virus infections, and in reverse transcribing virus infections; and gives insights into the recent advances and strategies in diagnostic tools, therapeutic and prophylactic measures. Cytokine Response Against Major Human Infections is a milestone to understanding the immunological response against various viral infections for both researchers in immunology and virology, as well as for those in the the biotech and pharmaceutical industries.

• Author : Bruce Alberts
• Publisher : Unknown
• Release Date : 2004
• Total pages : 0
• ISBN : 0815332181
• File Size : 35,9 Mb
• Total Download : 110
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Molecular Biology of the Cell in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

PDF book entitled Molecular Biology of the Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by Unknown which was released on 2004 with total hardcover pages 0, the book become popular and critical acclaim.

• Author : Kenneth Murphy,Paul Travers,Mark Walport,Peter Walter
• Publisher : Garland Science
• Release Date : 2010-06-22
• Total pages : 229
• ISBN : 0815344570
• File Size : 43,6 Mb
• Total Download : 617
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Janeway's Immunobiology in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes.

• Author : D H Davies,M A Halablab,T W K Young,F. E. G. Cox,J. Clarke
• Publisher : CRC Press
• Release Date : 2002-09-11
• Total pages : 250
• ISBN : 9780203484388
• File Size : 52,8 Mb
• Total Download : 436
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Infection and Immunity in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

This concise text explores the interactions between pathogens and the immune system. Taking a disease-based approach, it explains how micro-organisms adapted to growth in human hosts can evade the immune system and cause disease. The opening chapter overviews the innate and adaptive immune responses to microbes. Subsequent chapters are specific to particular pathogens, beginning with their biology and leading on to illustrate mechanisms of adaptation and ensuing consequences. Each of these chapters ends with a summary, review questions and further reading lists. Summaries, review questions and further reading make this book suitable for self-directed study. Infection and Immunity is ideal for any undergraduates taking a course that explores the interaction between pathogens and the human immune system.

• Author : Pallaval Veera Bramhachari
• Publisher : Springer Nature
• Release Date : 2020-02-24
• Total pages : 283
• ISBN : 9789811510458
• File Size : 39,7 Mb
• Total Download : 322
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Dynamics of Immune Activation in Viral Diseases in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

This book discusses various components of the innate and adaptive immune response in combating viral infections, presenting the recent advances in our understanding of innate immunity recognition of viruses and highlighting the important role of inflammation, cytokines such as interferon, toll-like receptors and leukocytes in the initial detection of invading viruses and subsequent activation of adaptive immunity. It also summarizes the role of the adaptive immunity against viral infections through clearance of virus and establishment of memory response that protects against the recurrent infections. In addition, the book examines the role of DNA and RNA sensors in viral recognition and in controlling viral infection. Lastly, it reviews the latest developments in the development of the rational viral vaccines. As such it is a useful resource book for postgraduate and early researchers wanting to gain insights into the immune response to viral infections.

• Author : K.Noel Masihi,Werner Lange
• Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
• Release Date : 2012-12-06
• Total pages : 401
• ISBN : 9783642761201
• File Size : 41,6 Mb
• Total Download : 661
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Immunotherapeutic Prospects of Infectious Diseases in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

The prevention and control of infectious diseases represents, even today, an important public health problem for responsible national and international authorities. Newly emerging p.athogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) , legionella, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) have captured current public awareness. Despite significant success against smallpox, polio myelitis, mumps, and measles, the vast majority of infectious diseases are yet to be satisfactorily controlled. Limited efficacy of some vaccines, e. g., against influenza viruses, or their nonavailability have hampered an effective control of many infections. A meaningful reduction of the health risks posed by microbial pathogens is of crucial importance. Increased efforts need to be exerted in areas of active and passive immunization as well as in stimulation of enhanced nonspecific resistance .. Progress in the field of infectious diseases can be accelerated when a generation of new improved vaccines are developed. These vaccines should be capable of activat ing the cellular and the humoral immune responses as well as inducing persistent immunological memory. Development of novel regimens for enhancing natural resistance against infections is also progressively gaining in importance. The urgency increases as chemotherapy against viral and other infections further continues to be plagued by a carousel of a limited number of licensed drugs, problems of side effects, and development of drug resistance. It is becoming expedient that future strategies embrace a policy directed towards triggering mechanisms capable of inducing specific and nonspecific host defences.

• Author : Decheng Yang
• Publisher : World Scientific
• Release Date : 2009
• Total pages : 722
• ISBN : 9789812833808
• File Size : 39,9 Mb
• Total Download : 952
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download RNA Viruses in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

This is the first comprehensive book on human/animal gene responses to RNA viral infections, including prevalent, emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses such as HIV, SARS-CoV, West Nile virus, influenza virus and many others. Human gene responses are reviewed by leading virologists worldwide in the following aspects: (i) the altered gene expression profiles at the transcriptional and translational levels detected with cutting-edge technologies such as cDNA microarray and proteomics; (ii) host innate and adapted immune responses to viral replication in target organs; (iii) virus-activated signal transduction pathways in cell survival, apoptosis and autophagosomal pathways; and (iv) the small interfering RNA/microRNA-mediated gene silencing pathway, a recently characterized new host defense mechanism against viral infection.

• Author : Thomas E. Lane
• Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
• Release Date : 2007-05-30
• Total pages : 160
• ISBN : 9783540333975
• File Size : 19,9 Mb
• Total Download : 273
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Chemokines and Viral Infection in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Chemokines represent a family of over 40 small proteins that, for the most part, are secreted into the environment and function by binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are expressed on numerous different cell types. When initially identified close to 30 years ago, these molecules were associated with various human inflammatory diseases and it was recognized that expression may be integral in leukocyte recruitment to inflamed tissue. Within a relatively short period of time, early participants within the field determined that these proteins displayed distinct and conserved structural features and exerted potent chemotactic effects on defined lymphocyte subsets. There are now four sub-families of chemokines identified based on defined structural criteria relating to the positional location of conserved cysteine residues within the amino-terminus of the protein. Chemokines are now recognized as important in numerous biological processes ranging from maintaining the organizational integrity of secondary lymphoid tissue to participating in various aspects of both innate and adaptive immune responses following microbial infection.

• Author : D. Brian Thomas
• Publisher : CRC Press
• Release Date : 1993-06-23
• Total pages : 548
• ISBN : 0824790537
• File Size : 53,8 Mb
• Total Download : 551
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Viruses and the Cellular Immune Response in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Presents a comprehensive review of cell-mediated immunity to viral infection, highlighting aspects relevant to HIV research. Opening chapters discuss antigen processing and presentation, and lymphokine function. Subsequent chapters consider immune responses to individual viruses including: HIV, visn

• Author : Peter Palese,Jean-Pierre Changeux
• Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
• Release Date : 2006-07-11
• Total pages : 304
• ISBN : 9781402032424
• File Size : 33,9 Mb
• Total Download : 192
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Modulation of Host Gene Expression and Innate Immunity by Viruses in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

This book is an excellent, up-to-date reference on a relatively young area of research in which virology, cellular biology and molecular pathogenesis govern the principles of coinvestigation. Thus, the book will be of great interest to virologists, molecular immunologists and biologists, and biochemists but also to clinical pharmacologists in the long-term search for new antiviral agents. Ulrich Desselberger, Gif-sur-Yvette/Cambridge. Infection of a naïve (non-immune) host with a virus elicits an immediate response which results in a cascade of changes in the host, including an interferon response (innate immunity). The outcome of this interaction is influenced by the genes of the virus as well as the genes of the host. Interestingly, different viruses do it in different ways. Not only is there a plethora of mechanisms used by the invading organisms, but the host has also evolved a great variety of redundant and robust countermeasures. This interplay of host and virus represents one of the most significant frontiers in biology today. A clearer understanding of the mechanisms involved will arm us with better strategies to deal with viruses, including emerging pathogens and potential bioterrorism agents. This book is sure to benefit students, scientists, and physicians working in the areas of virology, immunology, microbiology, and infectious diseases. Pharmaceutical industry professionals will also find interest in this illuminating look into virus/host interactions.

• Author : Efstathios Giotis,David Alan Matthews,Jacqueline Smith
• Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
• Release Date : 2021-04-07
• Total pages : 111
• ISBN : 9782889666645
• File Size : 20,8 Mb
• Total Download : 234
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Host Innate Immune Responses to Infection by Avian- and Bat-borne Viruses in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

PDF book entitled Host Innate Immune Responses to Infection by Avian- and Bat-borne Viruses written by Efstathios Giotis,David Alan Matthews,Jacqueline Smith and published by Frontiers Media SA which was released on 2021-04-07 with total hardcover pages 111, the book become popular and critical acclaim.

• Author : Morris Pollard
• Publisher : Unknown
• Release Date : 1968
• Total pages : 276
• ISBN : OCLC:1068038709
• File Size : 23,8 Mb
• Total Download : 158
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Virus-induced Immunopathology in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

PDF book entitled Virus-induced Immunopathology written by Morris Pollard and published by Unknown which was released on 1968 with total hardcover pages 276, the book become popular and critical acclaim.

• Author : Dominik Wodarz
• Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
• Release Date : 2007-04-05
• Total pages : 220
• ISBN : 9780387687339
• File Size : 27,8 Mb
• Total Download : 951
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Killer Cell Dynamics in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

This book reviews how mathematical and computational approaches can be useful to help us understand how killer T-cell responses work to fight viral infections. It also demonstrates, in a writing style that exemplifies the point, that such mathematical and computational approaches are most valuable when coupled with experimental work through interdisciplinary collaborations. Designed to be useful to immunoligists and viroligists without extensive computational background, the book covers a broad variety of topics, including both basic immunological questions and the application of these insights to the understanding and treatment of pathogenic human diseases.

• Author : R. Ahmed,Irvin Chen
• Publisher : Wiley-Blackwell
• Release Date : 1999
• Total pages : 754
• ISBN : UOM:39015041993448
• File Size : 33,6 Mb
• Total Download : 167
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Persistent Viral Infections in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Persistent Viral Infections Edited by Rafi Ahmed Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, USA and Irvin S. Y. Chen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA During the past decade much of our attention has focused on diseases associated with viral persistence. Major breakthroughs in immunology, and the advent of molecular approaches to study pathogenesis have increased our understanding of the complex virus-host interactions that occur during viral persistence. Persistent Viral Infections focuses on: * The pathogenesis and immunology of chronic infections * Animal models that provide, or have the potential to provide, major insights This volume will be essential reading for virologists, immunologists, oncologists and neurologists.

• Author : H. Redl
• Publisher : Springer
• Release Date : 2013-03-11
• Total pages : 372
• ISBN : 9783034887557
• File Size : 36,5 Mb
• Total Download : 700
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Cytokines in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

t Heinz Red! and Gunther Sch!ag Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria The word "sepsis" derives from the Greek meaning decay or rottenness. Tradition ally this term has been used to describe the process of infection accompanied by the host's systemic inflammatory response. Based on that understanding, previous clin ical studies have been designed to include only patients with positive blood cultures [1, 2]. However, the frequent occurrence of a septic response without the demon stration of microorganisms in the circulation has led to a new definition and under standing of sepsis, mainly as the systemic response of the host to an often unde tectable microbiological or non-microbiological process [3]. The general consensus is that cytokines are central to the inflammatory response, particularly in sepsis. It is now known that not only Gram-negative but also Gram positive, viral, and fungal infections initiate the complex cascades of cytokine release. Probably the most important aspect of bacterial action is the release of toxic bacterial products. In particular endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria (see chap ter by Schade) and super antigens (see chapter by Neumann and Holzmann), as well as pore-forming toxins [4] from Gram-positive bacteria, induce cytokine formation. The importance of this cytokine release is evident from both diagnostic and thera peutic (mostly experimental) studies, and the action of cytokines may be the key to our understanding of the pathophysiology of the sepsis syndrome.

• Author : Massimo Amadori
• Publisher : Academic Press
• Release Date : 2016-02-23
• Total pages : 276
• ISBN : 9780128019740
• File Size : 46,5 Mb
• Total Download : 380
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download The Innate Immune Response to Noninfectious Stressors in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

The Innate Immune Response to Non-infectious Stressors: Human and Animal Models highlights fundamental mechanisms of stress response and important findings on how the immune system is affected, and in turn affects such a response. In addition, this book covers the crucial link between stress response and energy metabolism, prompts a re-appraisal of some crucial issues, and helps to define research priorities in this fascinating, somehow elusive field of investigation. Provides insights into the fundamental homeostatic processes vis-à-vis stressors to help in investigation Illustrates the depicted tenets and how to offset them against established models of response to physical and psychotic stressors in both animals and humans Covers the crucial issue of the immune response to endocrine disruptors Includes immunological parameters as reporter system of environmental adaptation Provides many illustrative examples to foster reader understanding

• Author : Ooiean Teng,丁瑋嫣
• Publisher : Open Dissertation Press
• Release Date : 2017-01-27
• Total pages : 229
• ISBN : 1361369981
• File Size : 29,9 Mb
• Total Download : 234
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Identification of Clec5a in Modulating Host Immune Response After Influenza a Virus Infection in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

This dissertation, "Identification of CLEC5A in Modulating Host Immune Response After Influenza A Virus Infection" by Ooiean, Teng, 丁瑋嫣, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Human infections with influenza A virus (IAV) exhibit mild to severe clinical outcomes as a result of differential virus-host interactions. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that may sense carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids derived from infected hosts or the invading microbes including bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. CLR-viral interaction may lead to increased viral entry and spread; furthermore, their interactions have been reported to trigger downstream signaling that further modulates host's innate immune responses through the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. To date, DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR have been shown to mediate IAV entry; however, the potential interactions between other human transmembrane CLRs with IAV have not yet been systematically investigated. We utilized lentiviral-based pseudoparticles expressing influenza hemagglutinin (HA) to examine the binding potential between HA and a panel of human CLRs expressed in soluble form. CLEC5A was identified as a potential interacting target with the HA proteins derived from a highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus A/VN/1203/04 (VN1203) or a human seasonal H1N1 virus A/HK/54/98 (HK5498), albeit at different binding intensity. Applying siRNA gene silencing, we confirmed that CLEC5A did not enhance influenza entry in human monocytic U937 cells that constitutively express CLEC5A or in the lentiviral-transduced stable CHO and CHO-Lec2 cells that overly expressed CLEC5A. To investigate downstream signaling upon engagement of CLEC5A to influenza virus, M-CSF or GM-CSF differentiated human macrophages with high expression levels of CLEC5A and DAP12, a known adaptor protein for CLEC5A upon phosphorylation to initiate signal transduction, was subjected to CLEC5A siRNA gene silencing followed by infection with recombinant A/PR/8/34 virus expressing HA and NA derived from either VN1203 (H5N1) or HK5498 (H1N1) viruses. RG-PR8xVN1203HA, NA (H5N1) exhibited a higher infectivity and induced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-( and IFN-α) and chemokines (IP-10, MCP-1, MIG and MIP-1α) secretion in M-CSF or GM-CSF differentiated macrophages while compared to that of the RG-PR8xHK5498HA, NA (H1N1) virus. Knocking-down CLEC5A in macrophages led to a universal reduction of cytokines and chemokines secretion after infection with either the RG-PR8xVN1203HA, NA, RG-PR8xHK5498HA, NA, RG-A/VN/1203/04 (H5N1) or A/Shanghai/2/2014 (H7N9) viruses, suggesting that CLEC5A plays a role as cytokine and chemokine amplifier after influenza infection. Since DAP12 phosphorylation is known to activate downstream signaling via Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), pre-incubation of M-CSF macrophages with a Syk inhibitor (Bay 61-3606) also lead to a significant reduction of TNF-α and IP-10 in infected macrophages. A higher mortality was observed in CLEC5A-/- mice while compared to the wild-type C57BL/6 mice after challenged with a lethal dose of RG-A/VN/1203/04 (H5N1) influenza virus suggesting that CLEC5A as a host innate response amplifier play a protective role upon influenza infection. In conclusion, we have identified CLEC5A as a novel host factor for influenza pathogenesis by modulating host innate inflammatory response. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5387994 Subjects: Influenza - Immunological aspects Lectins - Immunology

• Author : Malak Kotb,Thierry Calandra
• Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
• Release Date : 2003-03-03
• Total pages : 436
• ISBN : 9781592593095
• File Size : 20,5 Mb
• Total Download : 776
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Cytokines and Chemokines in Infectious Diseases Handbook in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

A comprehensive review of what is known about the role of cytokines and chemokines in a variety of human infectious diseases, including gram-negative and -positive infections, listeriosis, mycobacterial infections, lyme arthritis, pneumonia, fungal infections, HIV, leishmaniasis, and sepsis. The authors demonstrate the different cytokine and chemokine production profiles in response to a wide variety of pathogens and the importance of host genetic factors in determining the type and magnitude of responses to a given microorganism. They also critically evaluate the use of cytokines and anticytokines in the treatment of infectious diseases and show how knowledge of cytokine pleiotropic effects, redundancy, and the complexity of the cytokine network has led to better design and better outcomes in cytokine-based therapies for specific infections.

• Author : Randy Q. Cron,Edward M. Behrens
• Publisher : Springer Nature
• Release Date : 2019-09-09
• Total pages : 617
• ISBN : 9783030220945
• File Size : 19,9 Mb
• Total Download : 186
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Cytokine Storm Syndrome in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

Cytokine Storm Syndromes, including HLH and MAS, are frequently fatal disorders, particularly if not recognized early and treated during presentation. The genetics of Cytokine Storm Syndromes are being defined with many of the risk alleles giving rise to mutations in the perforin-mediated cytolytic pathway used by CD8 cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. These are being studied using murine models. Up to 10% of the general population may carry risk alleles for developing Cytokine Storm Syndromes, and Cytokine Storm Syndromes are being increasingly recognized around the world in pediatric and adult hospitals. A variety of infectious, rheumatic, and oncologic triggers are commonly associated with Cytokine Storm Syndromes, but understanding this disorder is critical for all researchers and physicians to ensure timely and appropriate therapy. This textbook, the first of its kind, addresses all aspects of the disorder – from genetics, pathophysiology, and ongoing research, to clinical presentations, risk factors, and treatment.

• Author : Chung-Yan Cheung,張頌恩
• Publisher : Unknown
• Release Date : 2017-01-27
• Total pages : 229
• ISBN : 1374728047
• File Size : 17,7 Mb
• Total Download : 363
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Response of Human Primary Monocyte-Derived Macrophages to Infection with Highly Pathogenic Human Influenza a Virus Subtype H5n1 in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

This dissertation, "Response of Human Primary Monocyte-derived Macrophages to Infection With Highly Pathogenic Human Influenza a Virus Subtype H5N1" by Chung-yan, Cheung, 張頌恩, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Abstract of thesis entitled: Response of human primary monocyte-derived macrophages to infection with highly pathogenic human influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Submitted by Cheung Chung Yan for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong in December 2004 Abstract The ability to affect adversely the host cell, host organism or population of host organisms determines the virulence of a virus. Influenza A viruses have been responsible for three pandemics of severe human respiratory disease this century. Avian species harbour a reservoir of influenza viruses of diverse subtypes, which can contribute genes to generate new pandemic human strains through genetic reassortment with prevailing human influenza strains. Since 1997, purely avian influenza viruses of subtypes H5N1, H7N7 and H9N2 have caused human disease, with fatal consequences in the instance of H5N1 and H7N7 influenza viruses. The biological basis for severe human disease associated with influenza A H5N1 remains unclear. This study addresses the hypothesis that cytokine dysregulation is a significant factor in severe human disease caused by H5N1 infection. In this study, we investigate the gene expression profile of human primary monocyte-derived macrophages in response to influenza virus infection in vitro. Macrophages are a biologically relevant model as they are one of the major cell types in the respiratory system and a major source of cytokines. This study document that H5N1 virus genotypes associated with severe human disease, but not human H1N1 or H3N2 viruses, or other H5N1 virus genotypes, induce excessive levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages infected in vitro. Cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-β, and interleukin (IL)-1β were greatly induced early after infection, with a later phase induction of chemokines including CXCL-10/Interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10, CCL2/macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, CCL3/Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, and CCL4/MIP-1β. These cytokines may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease on their own or through downstream cascades. Microarray analysis and the use of specific inhibitors of different kinases suggest that the p38 MAP signaling pathway mediates excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine production in H5N1 infected macrophages. Work on naturally occurring reassortant H5N1 and related viruses suggest that the virus internal genes mediate the high induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. Experiments performed with viruses created by reverse genetics suggest that the non- structural gene of the H5N1 viruses from 1997 may contribute to hyper-induction of pro- inflammatory cytokines. However, it appears that multiple genes of a particular gene constellation determine the ability to induce high pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Defining the biological basis for the hyper-induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines provide avenues for the development of new therapeutic intervention in human disease associated with highly pathogenic human influenza viruses. Such understanding is of particular importance since H5N1 influenza A virus has spread through poultry across many countries in Asia and has real potential to become a major threat to human health. Word count: 418 DOI: 10.5353/th_b3050065

• Author : Susu M. Zughaier,Erik Lubberts,Abdulbari Bener
• Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
• Release Date : 2020-12-16
• Total pages : 177
• ISBN : 9782889661749
• File Size : 50,9 Mb
• Total Download : 570
• DOWNLOAD BOOK

Download Immune-Modulatory Effects of Vitamin D in PDF, Epub, and Kindle

This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.